Critical Reviews in Oncology / Hematology
Volume 75, Issue 2 , Pages 110-121 , August 2010

Brain metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer: The evolving role of lapatinib

  • Gianluca Tomasello

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Struttura Complessa di Oncologia, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Struttura Complessa di Oncologia, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy. Tel.: +39 0372 405248; fax: +39 0372 405702.
    • ,
  • Philippe L. Bedard

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Address: Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 541 72 76; fax: +32 2 538 08 58.
    • ,
  • Evandro de Azambuja

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Address: Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 541 72 44; fax: +32 2 541 34 77.
    • ,
  • Dominique Lossignol

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Tel.: +32 2 541 32 06; fax: +32 2 538 08 58.
    • ,
  • Daniel Devriendt

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Address: Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 541 38 00; fax: +32 2 538 75 42.
    • ,
  • Martine J. Piccart-Gebhart

      Affiliations

    • Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
    • Address: Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 541 32 06; fax: +32 2 538 08 58.

,Accepted 13 November 2009.

References 

  1. Graus F, Walker RW, Allen JC. Brain metastases in children. J Pediatr. 1983;103(4):558–561
  2. Patchell R. Brain metastases. Handbook of neurology. vol. 25. 1997;p. 135
  3. Posner JB. Management of brain metastases. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1992;148(6–7):477–487
  4. Sawaya R, Bindal RK. Metastatic brain tumors. In:  Kaye AH,  Laws ER editor. Brain tumors. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995;p. 923
  5. Wen PY, Loeffler JS. Management of brain metastases. Oncology (Huntingt). 1999;13(7):p. 941–54, 57–61
  6. Johnson JD, Young B. Demographics of brain metastasis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1996;7(3):337–344
  7. Bouffet E, Doumi N, Thiesse P, et al. Brain metastases in children with solid tumors. Cancer. 1997;79(2):403–410
  8. Sundermeyeer ML, Meropol NJ, Rogatko A, et al. Changing patterns of colorectal metastases: a 10-year retrospective review (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004;23:257a
  9. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, Vigneau FD, Lai P, Sawaya RE. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14):2865–2872
  10. Schouten LJ, Rutten J, Huveneers HA, Twijnstra A. Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer. 2002;94(10):2698–2705
  11. Miller KD, Weathers T, Haney LG, et al. Occult central nervous system involvement in patients with metastatic breast cancer: prevalence, predictive factors and impact on overall survival. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(7):1072–1077
  12. Aragon-Ching JB, Zujewski JA. CNS metastasis: an old problem in a new guise. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(6):1644–1647
  13. Gavrilovic IT, Posner JB. Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. J Neuro-oncol. 2005;75(1):5–14
  14. Delattre JY, Krol G, Thaler HT, Posner JB. Distribution of brain metastases. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(7):741–744
  15. Lin NU, Bellon JR, Winer EP. CNS metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(17):3608–3617
  16. Chang EL, Lo S. Diagnosis and management of central nervous system metastases from breast cancer. Oncologist. 2003;8(5):398–410
  17. DeAngelis L, Rogers L, Foley KM. Leptomeningeal metastasis. In:  Harris JR editors. Diseases of the breast. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000;p. 867–874
  18. Lee YT. Breast carcinoma: pattern of metastasis at autopsy. J Surg Oncol. 1983;23(3):175–180
  19. Tsukada Y, Fouad A, Pickren JW, Lane WW. Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer. 1983;52(12):2349–2354
  20. Carey LA, Ewend MG, Metzger R, et al. Central nervous system metastases in women after multimodality therapy for high risk breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;88(3):273–280
  21. Evans AJ, James JJ, Cornford EJ, et al. Brain metastases from breast cancer: identification of a high-risk group. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol (Great Britain)). 2004;16(5):345–349
  22. Maki DD, Grossman RI. Patterns of disease spread in metastatic breast carcinoma: influence of estrogen and progesterone receptor status. AJNR. 2000;21(6):1064–1066
  23. de la Monte SM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in prediction of metastatic behavior of breast carcinoma. Am J Med. 1984;76(1):11–17
  24. Samaan NA, Buzdar AU, Aldinger KA, et al. Estrogen receptor: a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Cancer. 1981;47:554–560
  25. Higashi H, Fukutomi T, Watanabe T, et al. Seven cases of breast cancer recurrence limited to the central nervous system without other visceral metastases. Breast Cancer (Tokyo, Japan). 2000;7(2):153–156
  26. Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Cristofanilli M, Strom EA, et al. Central nervous system metastases in patients with high-risk breast carcinoma after multimodality treatment. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1760–1766
  27. Ryberg M, Nielsen D, Osterlind K, Andersen PK, Skovsgaard T, Dombernowsky P. Predictors of central nervous system metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. A competing risk analysis of 579 patients treated with epirubicin-based chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;91(3):217–225
  28. Kallioniemi OP, Holli K, Visakorpi T, et al. Association of c-erbB-2 protein over-expression with high rate of cell proliferation, increased risk of visceral metastasis and poor long-term survival in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 1991;49:650–655
  29. Yarden Y. The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer. Signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(Suppl. 4):S3–8
  30. Gabos Z, Sinha R, Hanson J, et al. Prognostic significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor positivity for the development of brain metastasis after newly diagnosed breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(36):5658–5663
  31. Pestalozzi BC, Zahrieh D, Price KN, et al. Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Ann Oncol. 2006;17(6):935–944
  32. Duchnowska R, Dziadziuszko R, Czartoryska-Arlukowicz B, et al. Risk factors for brain relapse in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;117(2):297–303
  33. Klapper LN, Waterman H, Sela M, Yarden Y. Tumor-inhibitory antibodies to HER-2/ErbB-2 may act by recruiting c-Cbl and enhancing ubiquitination of HER-2. Cancer Res. 2000;60(13):3384–3388
  34. Molina MA, Codony-Servat J, Albanell J, Rojo F, Arribas J, Baselga J. Trastuzumab (herceptin), a humanized anti-Her2 receptor monoclonal antibody, inhibits basal and activated Her2 ectodomain cleavage in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61(12):4744–4749
  35. Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med. 2000;6(4):443–446
  36. Izumi Y, Xu L, di Tomaso E, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Tumour biology: herceptin acts as an anti-angiogenic cocktail. Nature. 2002;416(6878):279–280
  37. Bendell JC, Domchek SM, Burstein HJ, et al. Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97(12):2972–2977
  38. Shmueli E, Wigler N, Inbar M. Central nervous system progression among patients with metastatic breast cancer responding to trastuzumab treatment. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40(3):379–382
  39. Lai R, Dang CT, Malkin MG, Abrey LE. The risk of central nervous system metastases after trastuzumab therapy in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101:810–816
  40. Burstein HJ, Lieberman G, Slamon DJ, Winer EP, Klein P. Isolated central nervous system metastases in patients with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer treated with first-line trastuzumab-based therapy. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(11):1772–1777
  41. Park YH, Park MJ, Ji SH, et al. Trastuzumab treatment improves brain metastasis outcomes through control and durable prolongation of systemic extracranial disease in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(6):894–900
  42. Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. New Engl J Med. 2005;353(16):1673–1684
  43. Perez EA, Romond EH, Suman VJ, et al. Updated results of the combined analysis of NCCTG N9831 and NSABP B-31 adjuvant chemotherapy with/without trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):[abstract 512]
  44. Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. New Engl J Med. 2005;353(16):1659–1672
  45. Smith I, Procter M, Gelber RD, et al. 2-Year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):29–36
  46. Dahabreh IJ, Linardou H, Siannis F, Fountzilas G, Murray S. Trastuzumab in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Oncologist. 2008;13(6):620–630
  47. Clayton AJ, Danson S, Jolly S, et al. Incidence of cerebral metastases in patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(4):639–643
  48. Weltman E, Salvajoli JV, Brandt RA, et al. Radiosurgery for brain metastases: a score index for predicting prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46(5):1155–1161
  49. Lorenzoni J, Devriendt D, Massager N, et al. Radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastases: estimation of patient eligibility using three stratification systems. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(1):218–224
  50. Gaspar L, Scott C, Rotman M, et al. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37(4):745–751
  51. Gaspar LE, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47(4):1001–1006
  52. Sperduto PW, Berkey B, Gaspar LE, Mehta M, Curran W. A new prognostic index and comparison to three other indices for patients with brain metastases: an analysis of 1,960 patients in the RTOG database. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(2):510–514
  53. Le Scodan R, Massard C, Mouret-Fourme E, et al. Brain metastases from breast carcinoma: validation of the radiation therapy oncology group recursive partitioning analysis classification and proposition of a new prognostic score. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69(3):839–845
  54. Borgelt B, Gelber R, Kramer S, et al. The palliation of brain metastases: final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980;6(1):1–9
  55. Rades D, Haatanen T, Schild SE, Dunst J. Dose escalation beyond 30 grays in 10 fractions for patients with multiple brain metastases. Cancer. 2007;110(6):1345–1350
  56. Hoskin PJ, Crow J, Ford HT. The influence of extent and local management on the outcome of radiotherapy for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;19(1):111–115
  57. Bernstein M, Cabantog A, Laperriere N, Leung P, Thomason C. Brachytherapy for recurrent single brain metastasis. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995;22(1):13–16
  58. McDermott MW, Cosgrove GR, Larson DA, Sneed PK, Gutin PH. Interstitial brachytherapy for intracranial metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1996;7(3):485–495
  59. Bogart JA, Ungureanu C, Shihadeh E, et al. Resection and permanent I-125 brachytherapy without whole brain irradiation for solitary brain metastasis from non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Neuro-oncol. 1999;44(1):53–57
  60. Scott C, Suh J, Stea B, Nabid A, Hackman J. Improved survival, quality of life, and quality-adjusted survival in breast cancer patients treated with efaproxiral (Efaproxyn) plus whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30(6):580–587
  61. Suh JH, Stea B, Nabid A, et al. Phase III study of efaproxiral as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(1):106–114
  62. Sperduto PW, Andrews D, Scott C, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy improves survival in patients with brain metastases: report of radiation therapy oncology group phase III study 95–08. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(2):
  63. Auchter RM, Lamond JP, Alexander E, et al. A multiinstitutional outcome and prognostic factor analysis of radiosurgery for resectable single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35(1):27–35
  64. Muacevic A, Wowra B, Siefert A, Tonn JC, Steiger HJ, Kreth FW. Microsurgery plus whole brain irradiation versus Gamma Knife surgery alone for treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. J Neuro-oncol. 2008;87(3):299–307
  65. Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs. stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2483–2491
  66. Kondziolka D, Patel A, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Flickinger JC. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45(2):427–434
  67. Chougule BP, Burton-Williams M, Saris S, et al. Randomized treatment of brain metastases with gamma knife radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy or both. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:114
  68. Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1665–1672
  69. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. New Engl J Med. 1990;322(8):494–500
  70. Noordijk EM, Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, et al. The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;29(4):711–717
  71. Mintz AH, Kestle J, Rathbone MP, et al. A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis. Cancer. 1996;78(7):1470–1476
  72. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1998;280(17):1485–1489
  73. Cordon-Cardo C, O’Brien JP, Casals D, et al. Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood–brain barrier sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(2):695–698
  74. Zhang RD, Price JE, Fujimaki T, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. Differential permeability of the blood–brain barrier in experimental brain metastases produced by human neoplasms implanted into nude mice. Am J Pathol. 1992;141(5):1115–1124
  75. Stewart DJ. A critique of the role of the blood–brain barrier in the chemotherapy of human brain tumors. J Neuro-oncol. 1994;20(2):121–139
  76. Rosner D, Nemoto T, Lane WW. Chemotherapy induces regression of brain metastases in breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1986;58(4):832–839
  77. Cocconi G, Lottici R, Bisagni G, et al. Combination therapy with platinum and etoposide of brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 1990;8(3–4):327–334
  78. Boogerd W, Dalesio O, Bais EM, van der Sande JJ. Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to systemic chemotherapy. Cancer. 1992;69(4):972–980
  79. Lassman AB, Abrey LE, Shah GD, et al. Systemic high-dose intravenous methotrexate for central nervous system metastases. J Neuro-oncol. 2006;78(3):255–260
  80. Rivera E, Meyers C, Groves M, et al. Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2006;107(6):1348–1354
  81. Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Linardou H, et al. Temozolomide (TMZ) combined with cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with brain metastases from solid tumors: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) Phase II study. J Neuro-oncol. 2005;71(1):61–65
  82. Freilich RJ, Seidman AD, DeAngelis LM. Central nervous system progression of metastatic breast cancer in patients treated with paclitaxel. Cancer. 1995;76(2):232–236
  83. Crivellari D, Pagani O, Veronesi A, et al. High incidence of central nervous system involvement in patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer treated with epirubicin and docetaxel. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(3):353–356
  84. Oberhoff C, Kieback DG, Wurstlein R, et al. Topotecan chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and brain metastases: results of a pilot study. Onkologie. 2001;24(3):256–260
  85. Ekenel M, Hormigo AM, Peak S, Deangelis LM, Abrey LE. Capecitabine therapy of central nervous system metastases from breast cancer. J Neuro-oncol. 2007;85(2):223–227
  86. Gori S, Rimondini S, De Angelis V, et al. Central nervous system metastases in HER-2 positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab: incidence, survival, and risk factors. Oncologist. 2007;12(7):766–773
  87. Kirsch DG, Ledezma CJ, Mathews CS, et al. Survival after brain metastases from breast cancer in the trastuzumab era. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):2114–2116[author reply 6–7]
  88. Pestalozzi BC, Brignoli S. Trastuzumab in CSF. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(11):2349–2351
  89. Pestalozzi BC. Correction: meningeal carcinomatosis from breast carcinoma responsive to trastuzumab. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(20):4091
  90. Stemmler HJ, Schmitt M, Willems A, Bernhard H, Harbeck N, Heinemann V. Ratio of trastuzumab levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is altered in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases and impairment of blood–brain barrier. Anti-cancer Drugs. 2007;18(1):23–28
  91. Stemmler HJ, Mengele K, Schmitt M, et al. Intrathecal trastuzumab (Herceptin) and methotrexate for meningeal carcinomatosis in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer: a case report. Anticancer Drugs. 2008;19(8):832–836
  92. Platini C, Long J, Walter S. Meningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer treated with intrathecal trastuzumab. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(9):778–780
  93. Stemmler HJ, Schmitt M, Harbeck N, et al. Application of intrathecal trastuzumab (Herceptin™) for treatment of meningeal carcinomatosis in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2006;15(5):1373–1377
  94. Laufman LR, Forsthoefel KF. Use of intrathecal trastuzumab in a patient with carcinomatous meningitis. Clin Breast Cancer. 2002;2(3):235
  95. Metro G, Sperduti I, Russillo M, Milella M, Cognetti F, Fabi A. Clinical utility of continuing trastuzumab beyond brain progression in HER-2 positive metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist. 2007;12(12):1467–1469[author reply 9–71]
  96. Bartsch R, Rottenfusser A, Wenzel C, et al. Trastuzumab prolongs overall survival in patients with brain metastases from Her2 positive breast cancer. J Neuro-oncol. 2007;85(3):311–317
  97. Park IH, Ro J, Lee KS, Nam BH, Kwon Y, Shin KH. Trastuzumab treatment beyond brain progression in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(1):56–62
  98. Von Minckwitz G, Zielinski C, Maarteense E, et al. Capecitabine vs. capecitabine+trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer progressing during trastuzumab treatment: the TBP phase III study (GBG 26/BIG 3-05). In: American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 Annual Meeting. 2008;[abstract #1025, abstract #1025]
  99. Nelson MH, Dolder CR. Lapatinib: a novel dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity in solid tumors. 2006;p. 261–9
  100. Wood ER, Truesdale AT, McDonald OB, et al. A unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate and receptor activity in tumor cells. 2004;p. 6652–9
  101. Rusnak DW, Lackey K, Affleck K, et al. The effects of the novel, reversible epidermal growth factor receptor/ErbB-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, GW2016, on the growth of human normal and tumor-derived cell lines in vitro and in vivo. 2001;p. 85–94
  102. Okano J-i, Gaslightwala I, Birnbaum MJ, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Akt/protein kinase B isoforms are differentially regulated by epidermal growth factor stimulation. 2000;p. 30934–42
  103. Riese DJ, Stern DF. Specificity within the EGF family/ErbB receptor family signaling network. Bioessays. 1998;20(1):41–48
  104. Amundadottir LT, Leder P. Signal transduction pathways activated and required for mammary carcinogenesis in response to specific oncogenes. Oncogene. 1998;16(6):737–746
  105. Gril B, Palmieri D, Bronder JL, et al. Effect of lapatinib on the outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer cells to the brain. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(15):1092–1103
  106. Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. New Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2733–2743
  107. Cameron D, Casey M, Press M, et al. A phase III randomized comparison of lapatinib plus capecitabine versus capecitabine alone in women with advanced breast cancer that has progressed on trastuzumab: updated efficacy and biomarker analyses. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;
  108. Lin NU, Carey LA, Liu MC, et al. Phase II trial of lapatinib for brain metastases in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):1993–1999
  109. Zhou H, Kim YS, Peletier A, McCall W, Earp HS, Sartor CI. Effects of the EGFR/HER2 kinase inhibitor GW572016 on EGFR- and HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line proliferation, radiosensitization, and resistance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58(2):344–352
  110. Belkacemi Y, Kuten A. Are volumetric changes of brain metastases the best evaluation of efficacy?. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(31):5137–5138[author reply 8–9]
  111. Lin NU, Dieras V, Paul D, et al. EGF105084, a phase II study of lapatinib for brain metastases in patients (pts) with HER2+ breast cancer following trastuzumab (H) based systemic therapy and cranial radiotherapy (RT). In: Journal of clinical oncology, 2007 ASCO Annual meeting proceedings part I, vol. 25, no. 18S (June 20, Suppl.). 2007;p. 1012
  112. Lin NU, Dieras V, Paul D, et al. Multicenter phase II study of lapatinib in patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(4):1452–1459
  113. NCT00614978. Lapatinib and temozolomide for the treatment of progressive brain disease in HER-2 positive breast cancer (LAPTEM). Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov [accessed: 12.08.08].
  114. NCT00470847. Lapatinib in combination with radiation therapy in patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov [accessed: 12.08.08].
  115. NCT00263588. A phase II study of lapatinib for brain metastases in subjects with ErbB2-positive breast cancer following trastuzumab-based systemic therapy and cranial radiotherapy. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov [accessed: 12.08.08].
  116. NCT00437073. Study EGF107671—a phase II study of lapatinib plus topotecan or lapatinib plus capecitabine in the treatment of recurrent brain metastases from ErbB2-positive breast cancer following cranial radiotherapy. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov [accessed: 12.08.08].

PII: S1040-8428(09)00227-3

doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.11.003

Critical Reviews in Oncology / Hematology
Volume 75, Issue 2 , Pages 110-121 , August 2010

Article Tools